Hotunan Raphael. Abokai, masoya, masoya

Raphael ya rayu a zamanin da cikakkun hotunan fuska suka bayyana a Italiya. Wasu shekaru 20-30 kafin wannan, mazaunan Florence ko Rome an nuna su sosai a cikin bayanan martaba. Ko kuma an nuna abokin ciniki yana durƙusa a gaban waliyyi. Irin wannan hoton ana kiransa hoton mai bayarwa. Ko da a baya, hoton a matsayin nau'i bai wanzu ba kwata-kwata.

A arewacin Turai, hotuna na farko, ciki har da cikakkun fuska, sun bayyana shekaru 50 da suka wuce. Tunda alama ce ta rabuwa da ƙungiyar. Duk da haka sha'awar dawwama kansa ya fi karfi.

Raphael ya mutu kansa. Kuma ya taimaki abokinsa, masoyinsa, babban majiɓincinsa da sauran mutane da yawa su kasance a cikin ƙarni.

1. Hoton kai. 1506

Hoton kai na iya ko da yaushe gaya da yawa game da halin mai zane. Ka tuna yadda launuka masu haske Raphael ke ƙauna. Amma ya nuna kansa cikin ladabi sanye da bakaken kaya. Farar riga ce kawai ta fito daga karkashin bakar caftan. Wannan yana magana a fili game da kunyarsa. Game da rashin girman kai da girman kai. Haka mutanen zamaninsa suke kwatanta shi.

Vasari, marubucin tarihin rayuwa Masanin Renaissance ya kwatanta Raphael ta wannan hanyar: “Dabi’a da kanta ta ba shi wannan ladabi da alheri wanda wani lokaci yakan faru a cikin mutanen da suka haɗu da yanayi mai laushi da tausayi na musamman….”

Ya kasance mai dadi a bayyanar. Ya kasance mai nagarta. Irin wannan mutum ne kawai zai iya fenti mafi kyawun Madonnas. Idan suna so su jaddada cewa mace tana da kyau a cikin rai da jiki, to, sau da yawa suna cewa "kyakkyawan, kamar Raphael's Madonna".

Karanta game da waɗannan kyawawan hotuna a cikin labarin. Raphael's Madonnas. 5 mafi kyawun fuskoki.

2. Agnolo Doni dan Maddalena Strozzi. 1506

Agnolo Doni hamshakin attajiri ne dan kasuwan ulu daga Florence. Ya kasance masanin fasaha. Rafael don bikin auren nasa, ya ba da umarnin hoton kansa da hoton matarsa.

A lokaci guda, Leonardo da Vinci ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Florence. Hotunansa sun yi tasiri sosai akan Raphael. A cikin hotunan bikin aure na ma'auratan Doni ne ake jin tasirin da Vinci mai karfi. Maddalena Strozzi ya tuna Mona Lisa.

Juyawa daya. Hannu iri daya suna ninke. Leonardo da Vinci ne kawai ya haifar da magriba a cikin hoton. Raphael, a gefe guda, ya kasance da aminci ga launuka masu haske da shimfidar wuri a cikin ruhun malaminsa. Perugino.

Vasari, wanda ya yi zamani da Raphael da Agnolo Doni, ya rubuta cewa na ƙarshe mutum ne mai wahala. Abin da bai keɓe kuɗi ba shi ne fasaha. Mai yiwuwa ya yi ya fita. Rafael ya san darajar kansa kuma ya bukaci aikinsa gaba daya.

An san shari'a ɗaya. Da zarar Raphael ya kammala odar frescoes da yawa a cikin gidan Agostino Chigi. A bisa yarjejeniyar, za a biya shi ecu 500. Bayan kammala aikin, mai zane ya nemi kuɗi sau biyu. Abokin ciniki ya rikice.

Ya tambayi Michelangelo ya ga frescoes kuma ya ba da ra'ayinsa na fitarwa. Shin frescoes suna da daraja sosai kamar yadda Raphael ya tambaya. Chigi ya dogara da goyon bayan Michelangelo. Bayan haka, ba ya son sauran masu fasaha. Raphael ya hada.

Ƙiyayya ba za ta iya jagoranta Michelangelo ba. Kuma yaba aikin. Yana nuna yatsa a kan wani sibilu (boka), ya ce wannan kai kaɗai ya kai ecu 100. Sauran, a ra'ayinsa, ba su fi muni ba.

3. Hoton Paparoma Julius II. 1511

Paparoma Julius II ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin Raphael. Ya gaji Paparoma Alexander VI, Borgia. Ya shahara da fasikanci da almubazzaranci da son zuciya. Har ya zuwa yanzu, Cocin Katolika na daukar mulkinsa a matsayin wani lokaci mara dadi a tarihin fadar Paparoma.

Julius II ya kasance kishiyar magabacinsa. Mai iko da buri, duk da haka bai haifar da hassada ko ƙiyayya ba. Tunda duk shawarar da ya yanke an yi la'akari da bukatun gabaɗaya ne kawai. Bai taba amfani da mulki don amfanin kansa ba. ya cika taskar Ikilisiya. Ya kashe da yawa akan fasaha. Na gode masa, mafi kyawun masu fasaha na wannan zamanin sun yi aiki a cikin Vatican. Ciki har da Raphael da Michelangelo.

Ya ba wa Raphael amana ya zana da dama a dakunan Vatican. Ƙwarewar Raphael ya burge shi sosai har ya ba da umarnin a share frescoes na masters na baya a wasu ɗakuna da yawa. Domin aikin Raphael.

Hakika, Raphael bai iya taimakawa ba sai dai ya zana hoton Paparoma Julius na biyu. A gabanmu tsoho ne sosai. Duk da haka, idanunsa ba su rasa taurin kai da amincinsu na asali ba. Wannan hoton ya bugi mutanen zamanin Raphael har waɗanda suke wucewa ta wurinsa suka yi rawar jiki kamar a gaban mai rai.

4. Hoton Baldassare Castiglione. 1514-1515

Raphael mutum ne mai daɗin magana da shi. Ba kamar sauran masu fasaha da yawa ba, keɓewa bai taɓa kasancewa da halayensa ba. Bude rai. Zuciya mai kirki. Ba mamaki yana da abokai da yawa.

Daya daga cikinsu ya zana a hoton. Tare da Baldassare Castiglione, an haifi mai zane kuma ya girma a cikin garin Urbino. Sun sake haduwa a Roma a 1512. Castiglione ya isa can a matsayin jakadan Duke na Urbino a Roma (a wancan lokacin, kusan kowane birni ya kasance jihar daban: Urbino, Rome, Florence).

Babu kusan komai daga Perugino da da Vinci a cikin wannan hoton. Rafael ya haɓaka salon kansa. A kan bangon riga mai duhu, hoto mai ban mamaki. Idanu masu rai sosai. Matsayi, tufafi suna faɗi da yawa game da halin da aka nuna.

Castiglione jami'in diflomasiya ne na gaske. Natsuwa, mai tunani. Bai taXNUMXa daga murya ba. Ba don komai ba ne Raphael ya kwatanta shi da launin toka-baki. Waɗannan launuka ne masu hikima waɗanda ke tsayawa tsaka tsaki a cikin duniyar da launuka masu haske ke fafatawa. Castiglione kenan. Ya kasance ƙwararren mai shiga tsakani tsakanin abokan gaba.

Castiglione ba ya son kyakyawan waje. Saboda haka, tufafinsa masu daraja ne, amma ba kyalkyali ba ne. Babu ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Babu siliki ko satin. Kawai ƙaramin gashin tsuntsu a cikin beret.

A cikin littafinsa "A kan Kotun" Castiglione ya rubuta cewa babban abu ga mutum mai daraja shine ma'auni a cikin komai. "Ya kamata mutum ya kasance mai ladabi kadan fiye da matsayinsa na zamantakewa."

Wannan shine girman girman wakilci mai haske Renaissance kuma yayi nasarar wuce Rafael.

5. Donna Velata. 1515-1516

An zana hoton Donna Velata kamar yadda hoton Castiglione yake. A kololuwar fasaha. A zahiri shekara ɗaya ko biyu kafin a rubuta shi Sistine Madonna. Yana da wuya a yi tunanin mace mai raye-raye, son rai da kyakkyawar mace a duniya.

Sai dai har yanzu ba a san ko wace irin mace ce aka nuna a cikin hoton ba. Zan yi la'akari da gaske iri biyu.

Wannan yana iya zama hoton gama kai na kyawun da ba a taɓa wanzuwa ba. Bayan haka, Raphael ya kirkiro hotunan shahararrensa Madonna. Kamar yadda shi da kansa ya rubuta wa abokinsa Baldassara Castiglione, "mace masu kyau ba su da yawa kamar alkalai masu kyau." Saboda haka, an tilasta masa ya rubuta ba daga yanayi ba, amma don tunanin kyakkyawar fuska. Matan da ke kusa da shi ne kawai ilham.

Na biyu, mafi romantic version ya ce Donna Velata ya kasance masoyin Raphael. Wataƙila game da wannan hoton ne Vasari ya rubuta: “Matar da ya ƙaunace ta sosai har mutuwarsa, kuma ya zana hoto mai kyau da ita har ta kasance a kanta, kamar tana raye.”

Da yawa suna cewa wannan matar ta kasance kusa da shi. Ba abin mamaki ba Raphael zai rubuta ƙarin daya daga cikin hotunanta bayan wasu shekaru. A cikin matsayi guda. Da kayan adon lu'u-lu'u iri ɗaya a gashinta. Amma babu-kirji. Kuma kamar yadda ya juya a lokacin sabuntawa a 1999, tare da zoben bikin aure a yatsansa. An yi fentin shi tsawon ƙarni da yawa.

Me yasa aka fentin zoben? Shin yana nufin Rafael ya auri wannan yarinyar? Nemo amsoshi a cikin labarin Sunan mahaifi Raphael. Labarin soyayya da auren sirri”.

Raphael bai halicci hotuna da yawa ba. Ya rayu kadan. Ya rasu yana da shekaru 37, a ranar haihuwar sa. Abin takaici, rayuwar masu hankali sau da yawa gajeru ne.

Karanta kuma game da Raphael a cikin labarin Raphael Madonnas: 5 Mafi Kyawun Fuskoki.

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