Diamond niƙa - duk game da cikakken yanke na lu'u-lu'u

Asalin babban fasaha na goge duwatsu masu daraja ya koma zamanin da. Tuni Sumerians, Assuriyawa da Akkids sun yi alfahari da kyawawan kayan ado da kayan ado, waɗanda aka kafa duwatsu masu daraja, har yanzu suna zagaye kuma ba a tsara su sosai ba, amma an goge su da kyau. An bai wa ɗan adam kayan aikin dutse ta dabi'a da kansa, yana nuna kyalli na lu'ulu'u da yawa da aka samu daidai. Mutum, yana kwaikwayon yanayi, tsarin nika, ta hanyar amfani da fasaha, kawai haɓakawa da ingantawa, tada kyawawan kyawawan duwatsu kamar daga mafarki.

Ƙoƙarin farko na goge lu'u-lu'u ya koma karni na XNUMX, kuma siffar yanke mai haske, har yanzu bai cika ba, har zuwa karni na XNUMX. Godiya ga waɗannan yanke, godiya ga ƙayyadaddun ma'auni, yanzu za mu iya sha'awar yawancin abubuwan gani masu ban mamaki. Sakamakon lu'u-lu'u, wanda masana kimiyyar gemologists ke kira haske.

Siffofin karatu

A ma'adinan ma'adinai, lu'u-lu'u tsantsar carbon ne (C). Yana crystallizes a daidai tsarin, mafi sau da yawa a cikin nau'i na octahedrons (Fig. 1), kasa sau da yawa tetra-, shida-, goma sha biyu-, kuma da wuya octahedrons (Fig. 1). Tabbas, a ƙarƙashin yanayi na halitta, daidaitattun lu'ulu'u masu tsabta suna da wuya kuma yawanci ƙanana ne. Mafi yawan lu'ulu'u mafi yawan lokuta ba su da kyau sosai (hoto 2). Yawancin su suna da tsarin mosaic sakamakon yawan tagwaye ko adhesions; lu'ulu'u da yawa suna da gefuna masu zagaye, kuma ganuwar suna da dunƙulewa, m, ko jakunkuna. Haka kuma akwai lu'ulu'u masu nakasa ko datti; samuwar su yana da alaƙa da yanayin samuwar da kuma rushewar (surface etching). Tagwaye-nau'in Spinel nau'i ne na gama gari, wanda jirgin na fusion shine jirgin octahedron (111). An kuma san tagwaye da yawa, suna yin siffofi masu siffar tauraro. Hakanan akwai mannewa mara kyau. Misalan siffofin da aka fi sani a yanayi ana nuna su a cikin fig. 2. Akwai lu'u-lu'u lu'u-lu'u (mafi tsarki, kusan cikakke lu'ulu'u) da fasaha lu'u-lu'u, wanda aka rarraba zuwa allon, carbonados, ballas, da dai sauransu bisa ga ma'adinai halaye. launin toka ko baki. Ballas tarin hatsi ne, galibi na tsari mai haske da launin toka. Carbonado, wanda kuma aka sani da black lu'u-lu'u, shine cryptocrystalline."Jimlar samar da lu'u-lu'u tun zamanin da, an kiyasta cewa ya kai carats biliyan 4,5, wanda adadinsa ya kai dala biliyan 300."

Diamond niƙa

Asalin babban fasahar goge lu'u-lu'u ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da. An san cewa Sumeriyawa, Assuriyawa da Babila sun riga sun yi alfahari da yankakken duwatsun da aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan ado, layu ko ƙwanƙwasa. An kuma san cewa duwatsun niƙa sun motsa ta hanyar yanayi da kanta, suna nuna saman lu'ulu'u da yawa da aka samu da kyau suna haskakawa da haske, ko kuma tsakuwar ruwa mai ƙaƙƙarfan haske da launi. Don haka, sun yi koyi da yanayi ta hanyar shafa ƙananan duwatsu masu wuya tare da masu wuya, suna ba su zagaye, amma asymmetrical, siffar da ba ta dace ba. Gyaran duwatsu zuwa siffa mai kamanni ya zo da yawa daga baya. Bayan lokaci, siffar cabochon na zamani ya samo asali daga siffofi masu zagaye; Har ila yau, akwai filaye masu lebur waɗanda ake yin zane-zane. Wani abin sha'awa shi ne yadda ake sarrafa duwatsu da fuskoki masu daidaitawa (fuskoki) an san su da yawa daga baya fiye da sassaƙa duwatsu. Duwatsu masu lebur tare da ganuwar da aka tsara da su, waɗanda muke sha'awar yau, sun samo asali ne kawai a tsakiyar zamanai. 

Matakan goge lu'u-lu'u

A cikin aikin sarrafa lu'u-lu'u, masu yankan sun fito waje 7 matakai.Mataki na farko - mataki na shirye-shiryen, wanda aka ƙaddamar da lu'u-lu'u mai laushi don cikakken jarrabawa. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sune siffar da nau'in crystal, tsabta da launi. Siffofin lu'u-lu'u masu sauƙi (cube, octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron) sun kasance a bayyane a cikin yanayin yanayi. Da wuya, lu'ulu'u na lu'u-lu'u suna iyakance ga fuskoki masu kwance da madaidaiciyar gefuna. Yawancin lokaci ana zagaye su zuwa nau'i daban-daban kuma suna haifar da filaye marasa daidaituwa. Convex, concave ko kwarangwal siffofin sun fi rinjaye. A lokaci guda kuma, ban da sauƙi, fiye ko žasa ɓataccen nau'i, nau'i mai rikitarwa kuma na iya tasowa, wanda ke haɗuwa da sauƙi mai sauƙi ko tagwayen su. Hakanan yana yiwuwa bayyanar lu'ulu'u masu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen tsari, waɗanda galibi sun rasa ainihin siffar su na cube, octahedron ko rhombic dodecahedron. Sabili da haka, ya zama dole a san duk waɗannan lahani na nakasar da za su iya shafar tsarin aiki na gaba, da kuma tsara tsarin ta hanyar da yawan amfanin da aka yanke na lu'u-lu'u ya yi yawa. Launin lu'u-lu'u yana da alaƙa a kaikaice da siffar lu'ulu'u. Wato, an gano cewa orthorhombic dodecahedrons yawanci rawaya ne a launi, yayin da octahedrons yawanci ba su da launi. A lokaci guda, a cikin lu'ulu'u da yawa, rashin daidaituwa na launi na iya faruwa, wanda ya ƙunshi a cikin zonal kuma a fili saturation launi daban-daban. Sabili da haka, madaidaicin ƙaddarar waɗannan bambance-bambancen kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan sarrafawa da kuma ingancin duwatsu masu goyan baya. Abu mai mahimmanci na uku da za a ƙayyade a matakin farko shine tsabtar lu'u-lu'u mai laushi. Sabili da haka, ana bincika nau'in da yanayin haɗawa, girman, nau'in samuwar, yawa da rarrabawa a cikin crystal. An kuma ƙaddara wuri da girman alamar guntu, raguwa da raguwa da damuwa, watau duk rikice-rikicen tsarin da zai iya rinjayar tsarin nika kuma yana rinjayar ƙima na gaba na ingancin dutse. A halin yanzu, hanyoyin da aka ƙididdige su sun tabbatar da cewa suna da matukar amfani a wannan fanni. Wadannan hanyoyin, godiya ga yin amfani da na'urar da ta dace, suna ba da hoto mai girma uku na lu'u-lu'u tare da dukan lahani na ciki, godiya ga wanda, ta hanyar ƙirar kwamfuta, duk ayyukan da ke hade da tsarin nika za a iya tsara su daidai. Babban cikas ga yaduwar wannan hanya shine, rashin alheri, tsadar na'urar, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin masu girki har yanzu suna amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya na duba gani, ta yin amfani da wannan ƙaramin lebur "taga", a baya ƙasa akan ɗayan fuskoki. na crystal.Mataki na biyu - fashewar crystal. Ana gudanar da wannan aikin ne akan lu'ulu'u marasa haɓaka, maras kyau, tagwaye ko gurɓatattun lu'ulu'u. Wannan aiki ne da ke buƙatar ilimi da gogewa mai yawa. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine rarraba crystal ta yadda sassansa ba su da girma kawai ba, amma har ma da tsabta kamar yadda zai yiwu, wato, dacewa don ci gaba da sarrafawa ya kamata a danganta shi da duwatsun da ake sarrafawa. Sabili da haka, lokacin da ake rarrabawa, ana ba da hankali sosai ba kawai ga yuwuwar rarrabuwa ba (jirgin jiragen sama), amma kuma ga yiwuwar kawar da nau'ikan lahani na waje da na ciki iri ɗaya, kamar fashe, jiragen tagwaye, bayyanannun alamun cleavage. muhimmanci inclusions, da dai sauransu. Yana da daraja tunawa da cewa lu'u-lu'u yana halin octahedral cleavage (tare da (111) jirgin sama), sabili da haka m bangare saman su ne jirage na octahedron. Tabbas, mafi daidaiton ma'anar su shine, mafi inganci da aminci duk aikin zai kasance, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da babban rauni na lu'u-lu'u.Mataki na uku - sawing (yanke crystal). Ana yin wannan aikin akan manyan lu'ulu'u masu kyau a cikin nau'in cube, octahedron da orthorhombic dodecahedron, muddin an tsara rarraba kristal zuwa sassa a gaba. Don yankan, ana amfani da saws na musamman (saws) tare da fayafai na tagulla na phosphor (hoto 3).Mataki na hudu - niƙa na farko, wanda ya ƙunshi a cikin samuwar adadi (Fig. 3). An kafa rondist, wato, tsiri da ke raba ɓangaren sama (kambi) na dutse da ɓangarensa na ƙasa (pavilion). A cikin yanayin yanke mai haske, rondist yana da zane mai zagaye.Mataki na biyar - niƙa daidai, wanda ya ƙunshi a niƙa gefen gaba na dutse, sa'an nan kuma collet da manyan fuskoki na kambi da rumfa (hoto 4). Tsarin yana kammala ƙirƙirar fuskokin da suka rage. Kafin fara aikin yankan, ana zaɓar duwatsu don ƙayyade kwatancen yanke, wanda ke da alaƙa da anisotropy na tauri. Tsarin gabaɗaya lokacin goge lu'u-lu'u shine kiyaye saman dutsen daidai da bangon kubu (100), ganuwar octahedron (111) ko ganuwar dodecahedron lu'u-lu'u (110) (Fig. 4). Dangane da wannan, nau'ikan rhoombuses guda uku suna rarrabe: Rhombus mai ba da rhoomus guda huɗu (Fig. 4), Fig. in). An tabbatar da gwaji cewa ya fi sauƙi a niƙa jirage a layi daya da axis mai ninki huɗu. Irin waɗannan jiragen sune fuskokin kube da rhombic dodecahedron. Bi da bi, jiragen octahedron sun karkata zuwa ga waɗannan gatari sun fi wahalar niƙa. Kuma tun da yawancin fuskokin da aka niƙa kawai suna yin daidai da axis na tsari na huɗu, ana zaɓar wuraren niƙa waɗanda ke kusa da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan gatura. Amfani mai amfani na anisotropy na taurin akan misalin yanke mai haske yana nunawa a cikin fig. 4.Mataki na shida - gogewa, wanda shine ci gaba da niƙa. Ana amfani da fayafai masu gogewa masu dacewa da manna don wannan.mataki na bakwai - duba daidaiton yanke, girmansa da daidaitawarsa, sannan tsaftacewa ta hanyar tafasa a cikin maganin acid, galibi sulfuric acid.

Girman nauyi

Yawan yawan adadin lu'ulu'u na lu'u-lu'u da aka murkushe ya dogara da siffar su (siffar), kuma yawan yaduwa na iya zama mahimmanci. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar bayanan ƙididdiga, bisa ga abin da yawan amfanin ƙasa na lu'u-lu'u da aka yanke daga sifofin da aka tsara daidai shine kimanin 50-60% na farkon taro, yayin da tare da siffofi na musamman yana da kusan 30% kawai, kuma tare da siffofi masu laushi, tagwaye. kusan 10-20% ne kawai (hoto 5, 1-12).

Madaidaicin ANT BRILLIARIA

yankan rosette

Yanke rosette shine yanke na farko don amfani da fastoci masu faɗi. Sunan wannan nau'i ya fito ne daga fure; shi ne sakamakon danganta wani kamanceceniya a cikin tsari na fuskoki a cikin dutse tare da tsarin petals na fure mai kyau. An yi amfani da yankan rosette sosai a cikin karni na 6; a halin yanzu, ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba kuma galibi lokacin sarrafa kananan gutsuttsuran duwatsu, abin da ake kira. makale. A zamanin Victoria, an yi amfani da shi don niƙa jan garnet mai zurfi, wanda ya kasance mai salo sosai a lokacin. Duwatsun da aka fuskance su suna da bangare na sama mai fuska ne kawai, yayin da na kasa kuma tushe ne da aka goge. Bangaren sama yana da siffa kamar dala tare da fuskõki masu kusurwa uku suna haɗuwa a mafi girma ko ƙarami zuwa sama. Ana nuna nau'ikan yankan rosette mafi sauƙi a cikin fig. 7. Wasu nau'ikan yankan rosette an san su a halin yanzu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: cikakken Rosette na Dutch (fig. 7 a), Antwerp ko Brabant rosette (fig. XNUMX b) da sauransu da yawa. A cikin yanayin nau'i biyu, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi azaman haɗin asali na nau'i-nau'i guda biyu, ana samun soket na Dutch sau biyu.

Yankan tayal

Wannan shine mai yiwuwa yanke fuska ta farko wadda ta dace da siffar octagonal na lu'u-lu'u. Sigarsa mafi sauƙi tana kama da octahedron mai tsintsiyar inga biyu. A cikin ɓangaren sama, gilashin gilashi yana daidai da rabin ɓangaren giciye na octahedron a cikin mafi girman ɓangarensa, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan yana da rabi. Tsohuwar Indiyawa sun yi amfani da yankan tayal sosai. An kawo shi Turai a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 8 ta Nuremberg grinders. Akwai nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na katako, daga cikinsu akwai abin da ake kira Mazarin yanke (Fig. 8a) da Peruzzi (Fig. XNUMXb), wanda ya yadu a Faransa da Italiya a cikin karni na XNUMX. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da yankan tayal da kyau sosai; Duwatsun da aka yanke ta wannan hanya suna aiki azaman sutura don nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka saka, alal misali, a cikin zobba.

yanke yanke

Samfurin wannan nau'i na yanke, wanda yanzu ya zama ruwan dare, shine yanke tayal. Yana da wani babban fili mai lebur (panel) kewaye da jerin fuskoki masu kama da matakai. A cikin ɓangaren sama na dutse, fuskokin suna girma a hankali, suna saukowa a hankali zuwa gefensa mafi fadi; a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren dutse, ana iya ganin fuskoki iri ɗaya na rectangular, mataki-mataki suna saukowa zuwa ƙananan fuskar tushe. Ƙididdigar dutse na iya zama murabba'i, rectangular, triangular, rhombic ko zato: kite, star, key, da dai sauransu. Yanke rectangular ko murabba'i tare da yanke sasanninta (kwandon dutsen octagonal na dutse a cikin jirgin rondist) ana kiransa yanke emerald (Fig. 9). Ƙananan duwatsu, tako da elongated, rectangular ko trapezoidal, an san su da baguettes (Baquette na Faransa) (Fig. 10 a, b); Iri-irinsu shine dutsen da aka sassaka matakin murabba'in da ake kira carré (Fig. 10c).

Tsohuwar yankan haske

A cikin aikin kayan ado, sau da yawa yana faruwa cewa lu'u-lu'u suna da yanke wanda ya bambanta da ma'auni na "madaidaici". Mafi sau da yawa, waɗannan lu'u-lu'u ne na tsofaffi waɗanda aka yi a ƙarni na 11 ko a baya. Irin waɗannan lu'u-lu'u ba sa nuna irin tasirin gani na ban mamaki kamar waɗanda aka yanke a yau. Za a iya raba lu'u-lu'u na tsohuwar yanke mai haske zuwa rukuni biyu, abin da ke faruwa a nan shi ne tsakiyar karni na sha tara. Lu'u-lu'u na zamanin da suka gabata yawanci suna da siffar dutse mai kama da murabba'i (wanda ake kira matashi), tare da fiye ko žasa madaidaici. bangarorin. , Tsarin halaye na fuskoki, babban tushe mai girma da ƙaramin taga (Fig. 12). Lu'u-lu'u da aka yanke bayan wannan lokacin kuma suna da ƙananan ƙasa da kuma babban ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, duk da haka, zane na dutse yana da zagaye ko kusa da zagaye kuma tsarin fuska yana da kyau (fig. XNUMX).

KYAUTA MAI KYAU

Ana amfani da mafi yawan yankan haske don lu'u-lu'u, don haka sunan "mai haske" galibi ana ɗaukarsa daidai da sunan lu'u-lu'u. An ƙirƙira babban yanke a cikin karni na 13 (wasu kafofin sun nuna cewa an san shi a farkon karni na 33) ta wurin mai girki na Venetian Vincenzio Peruzzi. Kalmar zamani "lu'u-lu'u" (Fig. 25, a) yana nuna siffar zagaye tare da fuska 1 a cikin babba (kambi), ciki har da gilashi, kuma a cikin ƙananan (pavilion) tare da fuska 8, ciki har da collets. An bambanta fuskoki masu zuwa: 8) a cikin babba (kambi) - taga, fuskoki 16 na taga, 13 manyan fuskoki na kambi, 2 fuskoki na kambi na rondist (Fig. 8 b); 16). yana ba da kariya daga lalacewa ga gefuna masu haɗuwa na fuskoki. 

Duba kuma cikakken ilimin game da sauran duwatsu masu daraja:

• Diamond / Diamond
• Ruby
• amethyst
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Saffir
• Emerald
• Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• yaya
• Peridot
• Alezandariya
• Heliodor