Ma'anar duwatsu masu daraja a tarihi

Kamar yadda gemstones suka zama kayan ado, an yi ƙoƙari nan da nan don rarraba su. mafi kyau kuma mafi munin duwatsuВ mafi daraja da ƙarancin ƙima. Littattafan tarihi daban-daban sun tabbatar da haka. Mun sani, alal misali, cewa ’yan Babila da Assuriyawa sun raba duwatsun da aka sani zuwa rukuni uku da ba su da daraja. Na farko, mafi daraja, su ne duwatsun da ke da alaƙa da taurari. Waɗannan sun haɗa da lu'u-lu'u masu alaƙa da Mercury, sapphires masu alaƙa da Uranus, turquoise tare da Saturn, opals tare da Jupiter, da amethysts tare da Duniya. Rukuni na biyu - siffar tauraro, ya ƙunshi garnets, agates, topazes, heliodor, hyacinth da sauransu. Rukuni na uku - terrestrial, ya ƙunshi lu'u-lu'u, amber da murjani.

Yaya ake bi da duwatsu masu daraja a baya?

Lamarin ya sha bamban a Indiya, inda asali iri biyu na duwatsu da aka classified - lu'u-lu'u da corundum (rubies da sapphires). Tuni a farkon karni na XNUMXth da XNUMXnd BC, babban masanin falsafar Indiya kuma masanin dutse Kautilya a cikin aikinsa mai suna "Kimiyyar Amfani (Amfani)" ya bambanta ƙungiyoyi hudu na lu'u-lu'u. Mafi daraja su ne lu'u-lu'u masu haske da launi "kamar dutsen lu'u-lu'u", na biyu kuma lu'u-lu'u masu launin ruwan kasa-rawaya "kamar idanun kurege", na uku kuma "kore mai launin kore", na hudu kuma lu'u-lu'u masu launin Sinanci. Rose". Irin wannan yunƙuri na rarraba duwatsu da manyan masu tunani na zamanin da suka yi, a Girka ta Theocritus na Sirac, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, a Roma da sauransu. Solinius da Pliny dattijo. Ƙarshen sunyi la'akari da mafi yawan duwatsu masu daraja "suna haskakawa da haske mai girma" ko "nuna launin allahntaka." Ya kira su duwatsu “namiji” sabanin duwatsun “mata”, wadanda galibi “kodadde ne kuma masu haske”. Ana iya samun irin wannan ƙoƙari na rarraba duwatsu a yawancin marubuta na zamanin da.

A lokacin, akwai sanannen imani a zamanin da cewa duwatsu masu daraja suna da kaddarorin amfani na musamman, wanda zai iya yin tasiri sosai ga makomar mutum, musamman idan aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar layu da ƙwararru. Wannan ra'ayi ne na ikon sihiri na duwatsu wanda marubutan zamanin da suka jaddada musamman a duk ƙoƙarin rarrabawa. Saboda haka, an fara bambanta duwatsu, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan ƙananan. Kuma wannan mataki ne na raba duwatsun zuwa duwatsun da aljanu za su iya samun damar yin amfani da su da kuma duwatsu masu jure wa ayyukan aljanu.

Wuraren da ba a saba gani ba da aka danganta ga Gems

Dangane da duk wani abin da ake so na sufanci ko sihiri, aikin Al-Biruni (Abu Reyhan Biruni, 973-1048) ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman. ya ba da shawarar wani yunƙuri na daban na rarraba duwatsu. Mafi daraja su ne jajayen duwatsu (yakutu, spinels, garnets), rukuni na biyu na masu ƙarancin daraja sun kasance lu'u-lu'u (yawanci saboda taurin su!), Ƙungiya ta uku sun kasance lu'u-lu'u, murjani da uwar lu'u-lu'u, rukuni na hudu sun kasance kore. da shuɗi-kore (emeralds, malachite, jade da lapis lazuli). Ƙungiya ta daban ta haɗa da abubuwa na asali na kwayoyin halitta, ciki har da amber da jet, wanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da wani lamari wanda ya cancanci kulawa, da kuma zaɓin gilashin da adon a matsayin duwatsu na wucin gadi.

Gemstones a tsakiyar zamanai

W dA farkon tsakiyar zamanai, yunƙurin rarraba duwatsu yana da alaƙa da abubuwan adonsu ko abubuwan da ake so a yanzu.. Rubuce-rubucen tarihi suna ba da misalan irin waɗannan abubuwan da ake so a matsayin tushen rarrabuwa. Misali, a farkon Zamanin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar ,Sapphires shuɗi da kuma ametysts masu launin shuɗi mai duhu sun kasance mafi daraja. A lokacin Renaissance da kuma bayan - rubies, sapphires, lu'u-lu'u da emeralds. Akwai kuma lokutan da lu'u-lu'u da lu'u-lu'u ke daga cikin duwatsu masu daraja. An gabatar da ƙoƙari na farko na zamani don rarraba duwatsu a cikin 1860 ta masanin ma'adinai na Jamus C. Kluge. Ya raba duwatsun da aka san shi gida biyu; duwatsu masu daraja da ƙananan duwatsu masu daraja. A cikin ƙungiyoyin biyu, ya gano nau'ikan dabi'u 5. Duwatsu mafi daraja (I class) sun haɗa da lu'u-lu'u, corundum, chrysoberyl da spinels, mafi ƙarancin daraja (V class) sun haɗa da: jet, jade, serpentine, alabaster, malachite, rhodochrosite.

Gemstones a Tarihin Zamani

An gabatar da wani ɗan daban-daban kuma mahimmancin faɗaɗa ra'ayi na rarrabawa a cikin 1920 ta masanin ma'adinin ma'adinai na Rasha A. Fersman, kuma a cikin 70s. da sauran masana kimiyya na Rasha (B. Marenkov, V. Sobolev, E. Kevlenko, A. Churup) ma'auni daban-daban, ciki har da ma'auni na darajar da aka bayyana ta hanyar rarity, yanayi da abubuwan da ake so da aka lura a cikin shekaru, da kuma wasu kaddarorin jiki da sinadarai kamar su. taurin, daidaituwa, nuna gaskiya, launi da sauransu. Babban sakamako mai nisa na wannan hanya shine rabe-raben da A. Churup ya gabatar. Ya raba duwatsun zuwa nau'o'i 3: kayan ado (mai daraja), kayan ado-na ado da kayan ado. Kayan ado (masu daraja) duwatsu a farkon wuri kyau kafa lu'ulu'u ( lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya ) kuma da wuya suna haɗuwa tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan automorphism daban-daban. Duwatsun wannan ajin marubucin ya raba su zuwa kungiyoyi da yawa, bisa la’akari da rarrabuwar ka’idojin fasaha, gami da tauri. Godiya ga wannan, lu'u-lu'u ya kasance a farkon wuri, kusa da nau'in corundum, beryllium, chrysoberyl, tourmaline, spinel, garnet da sauransu.

An sanya su a cikin daban, kamar ajin daban duwatsu tare da tasirin ganiirin su wasan kwaikwayo na launuka (shine), opalescence, haske (haske) - opals masu daraja, moonstone, labrador, kuma a cikin ƙananan turquoise, murjani masu daraja da lu'u-lu'u. Ƙungiya ta biyu, tsaka-tsaki tsakanin duwatsu masu daraja da na ado, sun haɗa da duwatsu na matsakaici ko ƙananan tauri, amma babban haɗin kai, da kuma duwatsu masu tsanani ko launi (jade, agate, falcon's da tiger's eyes, lapis lazuli, streamers, da dai sauransu). . Shawarar wannan rukuni, kamar yadda yake, tsakanin kayan ado da kayan ado, ya kasance abin girmamawa ga al'adar kayan ado na ƙarni da yawa ta marubucin. Rukuni na uku ya hada da duwatsu masu ado, marubucin ya ƙididdige duk sauran duwatsu tare da halayen kayan ado da yawa mafi muni fiye da waɗanda aka ambata, da kuma duwatsu masu ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙasa da dan kadan sama da 3 akan ma'aunin Mohs. Amincewa da ka'idojin fasaha a matsayin tushen rarraba duwatsu ba zai iya ba da sakamako mai kyau ba. Tsarin da aka tsara ya kasance ba tare da taɓawa ba tare da gaskiyar kayan ado, wanda ma'auni na rarrabuwa yana da mahimmanci kamar darajar dutse mai daraja, rarity ko macroscopic Properties kamar tasirin gani, kuma wani lokacin ma microphysical da sinadarai na duwatsu. Saboda gaskiyar cewa waɗannan nau'ikan ba a haɗa su cikin rarrabuwa ba, shawarar A. Churupa, duk da cewa na zamani kuma daidai ne a ƙa'idar gaba ɗaya, ba a yi amfani da shi a aikace ba. Don haka yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa - wanda aka yadu a Poland - yunƙurin rarraba duwatsu da bai yi nasara ba.

A halin yanzu, saboda rashi, gemologists galibi suna amfani da ma'anoni gabaɗaya kuma marasa inganci. Da haka ga rukunin duwatsu:

1) mai daraja - waɗannan sun haɗa da galibin ma'adanai waɗanda ke samuwa a cikin yanayi a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kaddarorin zahiri na dindindin da tsayin daka ga abubuwan sinadarai. Wadannan duwatsu, da aka yanke daidai, an bambanta su ta hanyar kyawawan kayan ado da kayan ado (launi, haske, haske da sauran tasirin gani). 2) kayan ado - ya hada da duwatsu, yawanci monomineral duwatsu, ma'adanai da abubuwa kafa a cikin yanayi a karkashin yanayi na halitta (kwayoyin halitta) da kuma samun fairly m halaye na jiki. Bayan polishing, suna da kayan ado. Dangane da wannan rarrabuwa, rukuni na musamman na duwatsu masu ado sun haɗa da lu'u-lu'u na halitta, lu'u-lu'u na al'ada, da kuma kwanan nan kuma amber. Wannan bambance-bambance ba shi da tabbataccen hujja kuma na farko don dalilai na kasuwanci ne. Sau da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen masu sana'a za ku iya samun kalmar "dutsen kayan ado". Wannan kalmar baya nufin kowane rukuni na duwatsu, amma yana nuna yiwuwar amfani da su. Wannan yana nufin cewa duwatsun kayan ado na iya zama duka duwatsu masu daraja na halitta da na ado, da duwatsun roba ko samfuran wucin gadi waɗanda ba su da kamanni a cikin yanayi, da nau'ikan kwaikwayi da kwaikwayi daban-daban.

Daidaitaccen ma'anar gemological ra'ayoyi, sunaye da sharuɗɗa, da kuma rarraba su, suna da mahimmanci ga cinikin kayan ado. Wannan saboda suna sauƙaƙe sadarwa kuma suna hana nau'ikan cin zarafi, na ganganci da na bazata.

Duka ƙungiyoyin gemological masu mahimmanci da gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun san wannan, suna ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan abubuwan da ba su dace ba ta hanyar ba da nau'ikan ayyukan doka iri-iri waɗanda ke kare kasuwar mabukaci. Amma matsalar hada sunaye da sharuddan a sikelin duniya matsala ce mai wahaladon haka bai kamata a yi tsammanin za a warware shi cikin gaggawa ba. Ko za a yi shi kuma a karfafa shi, da kuma yadda ma'auninsa zai kasance, yana da wuya a iya hasashen yau.

Compendium na Ilimi - koyi game da duk duwatsu masu daraja

Duba mu tarin ilmi game da duk duwatsu masu daraja amfani da kayan ado

• Diamond / Diamond
• Ruby
• amethyst
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Saffir
• Emerald
• Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• yaya
• Peridot
• Alezandariya
• Heliodor