Anarchism, libertarianism, rashin kasa al'umma

Anarchism falsafa ce ta siyasa ko rukuni na koyaswa da halaye da aka mayar da hankali kan ƙin duk wani nau'i na mulkin tilastawa (jahar) da goyan bayan kawar da ita. Anarchism a mafi yawan ma'anarsa shine imani cewa duk nau'ikan gwamnati ba a so kuma yakamata a soke su.

Anarchism, wani nau'i na ra'ayoyin masu adawa da mulki, wanda ya samo asali a cikin tashin hankali tsakanin dabi'u biyu masu gaba da juna: sadaukar da kai ga yancin kai da kuma sadaukar da kai ga 'yancin zamantakewa. Wadannan dabi'un ba a daidaita su ba a cikin tarihin tunanin 'yanci. Hakika, a mafi yawan karnin da ya gabata kawai sun kasance tare a cikin mulkin kama-karya a matsayin karamar akida ta adawa da kasa, ba a matsayin babbar akida da ke tsara irin sabuwar al'umma da za a samar a madadinta ba. Wanda hakan ba yana nufin cewa makarantun boko ba ne

bayar da shawarar takamaiman nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, kodayake galibi suna bambanta da juna. A zahiri, duk da haka, anarchism gabaɗaya ya inganta abin da Ishaya Berlin ya kira "'yanci mara kyau", watau "'yanci daga" a hukumance maimakon ainihin "'yanci don". Lallai, anarchism ya sha yin bikin sadaukar da kai ga ‘yanci mara kyau a matsayin shaida na jam’inta, juriyar akida, ko ƙirƙira-ko ma, kamar yadda yawancin masu goyon bayan zamani suka yi jayayya, rashin daidaito. Kasawar anarchism wajen warware wadannan tashe-tashen hankula, da bayyana alakar mutum da gamayya, da kuma bayyana yanayin tarihi da ya sanya al’ummar ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba ta da wata kasa, ya haifar da matsaloli a tunanin ‘yan mulkin kama karya da har yau ba a warware ba.

“A cikin faffadar ma’ana, anarchism shine kin amincewa da tilastawa da mulki ta kowane hali, gami da nau’ikan firistoci da masu mulki... Anarchist… yana kyamar duk wani nau’i na mulkin kama karya, shi makiyin parasitism ne, cin zarafi da zalunci. Mai mulkin kama karya yana 'yantar da kansa daga duk wani abu mai tsarki kuma yana aiwatar da babban shiri na wulakanci."

Ma'anar anarchism: Mark Mirabello. Littafin Jagora don 'yan tawaye da masu laifi. Oxford, Ingila: Oxford Mandrake

Mahimman ƙima a cikin anarchism

Duk da bambance-bambancen su, anarchists gabaɗaya sun fi son:

(1) tabbatar da 'yanci a matsayin ƙimar mahimmanci; wasu suna ƙara wasu dabi'u kamar adalci, daidaito, ko jin daɗin ɗan adam;

(2) sukar jihar a matsayin wanda bai dace da 'yanci (da/ko wasu dabi'u ba); har da

(3) ba da shawarar wani shiri na gina al'umma ta gari ba tare da jiha ba.

Galibin adabin ‘yan mulkin kama karya suna kallon kasa a matsayin makamin zalunci, wanda shugabanninta suka saba amfani da su don amfanin kansu. Sau da yawa ana kai wa gwamnati hari, ko da yake ba koyaushe ba, kamar yadda ake kaiwa masu cin gajiyar hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki a tsarin jari hujja, malamai masu mulkin kama karya da kuma iyaye masu tsauri. Fiye da haka, anarchists suna ɗaukar rashin haƙƙin kowane nau'i na mulkin kama-karya da ke amfani da matsayin mutum don amfanin kansa, maimakon don amfanin waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin iko. Ƙwararrun anarrchist akan *'yanci, *adalci, da jin daɗin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga kyakkyawar mahangar yanayin ɗan adam. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukan mutane a matsayin masu iya sarrafa kansu cikin hankali cikin lumana, haɗin kai da kuma amfani.

Kalmar anarchism da asalin anarchism

Kalmar anarchism ta fito daga Girkanci ἄναρχος, anarchos, wanda ke nufin "ba tare da masu mulki ba", "ba tare da archons ba". Akwai ‘yan shubuha a cikin amfani da kalmomin “mai sassaucin ra’ayi” da “yanci” a cikin rubuce-rubuce kan anarchism. Daga shekarun 1890 a kasar Faransa, ana yawan amfani da kalmar “libertarianism” a matsayin ma’anar mulkin kama-karya, kuma ana amfani da ita kusan ta wannan ma’ana har zuwa shekarun 1950 a Amurka; amfani da shi azaman ma'ana ɗaya har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a wajen Amurka.

Har zuwa karni na sha tara

Tun kafin anarchism ya zama ra'ayi dabam, mutane sun rayu a cikin al'ummomi ba tare da gwamnati ba tsawon dubban shekaru. Sai da aka samu tasowar al'ummomi masu matsayi aka tsara ra'ayoyin 'yan mulkin kama karya a matsayin mayar da martani mai mahimmanci da kin amincewa da cibiyoyin siyasa na tilastawa da kuma dangantakar zamantakewa.

Anarchism kamar yadda aka fahimta a yau ya samo asali ne daga tunanin siyasa na duniya na Haihuwa, musamman a cikin muhawarar Rousseau game da tushen ɗabi'a na 'yanci. Tun da farko ana amfani da kalmar “anarchist” a matsayin kalmar rantsuwa, amma a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa wasu kungiyoyi irin su Enrages sun fara amfani da kalmar ta hanya mai kyau. A cikin wannan yanayi na siyasa ne William Godwin ya haɓaka falsafarsa, wadda mutane da yawa ke ganin ita ce farkon bayyanar tunanin zamani. A farkon karni na XNUMX, kalmar Ingilishi "anarchism" ta rasa ainihin ma'anarta mara kyau.

A cewar Peter Kropotkin, William Godwin, a cikin bincikensa na A Study in Political Justice (1973), shi ne ya fara tsara manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki na mulkin kama-karya, duk da cewa bai ba da wannan sunan ga ra'ayoyin da aka samu a littafinsa ba. Godwin ya yi tasiri sosai da tunanin juyin juya halin Faransa, tun da yake mutum mai hankali ne, bai kamata a hana shi yin amfani da tsantsar dalilinsa ba. Tunda duk wani nau'in gwamnati na rashin hankali ne don haka azzalumai ne, dole a shafe su.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon shine farkon wanda ya fara kiran kansa da anarchist, lakabin da ya ɗauka a cikin littafinsa na 1840 Menene Dukiya? A saboda haka ne wasu ke yabawa Proudhon a matsayin wanda ya assasa ka'idar anarchist na zamani. Ya kirkiro ka'idar tsari ba tare da bata lokaci ba a cikin al'umma, bisa ga ƙungiyoyin da ke tasowa ba tare da wata hukuma ta tsakiya ba, "tashin hankali", wanda tsari ya tashi daga gaskiyar cewa kowane mutum yana yin abin da yake so, kuma kawai abin da yake so. harkokin kasuwanci suna haifar da tsarin zamantakewa. Ya kalli mulkin kama karya a matsayin wani nau'i na gwamnati wanda wayewar jama'a da masu zaman kansu, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar ci gaban kimiyya da shari'a, shi kansa ya isa ya tabbatar da tsari da kuma tabbatar da 'yanci. A cikin sa, a sakamakon haka, an rage yawan cibiyoyin 'yan sanda, hanyoyin kariya da danniya, tsarin mulki, haraji, da dai sauransu.

Anarchism a matsayin zamantakewa motsi

First International

A Turai, martani mai kaifi ya biyo bayan juyin juya hali na 1848. Shekaru 1864 bayan haka, a cikin 1868, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya, wani lokaci ana kiranta "First International", ta haɗa nau'o'in juyin juya halin Turai daban-daban, ciki har da mabiya Proudhon na Faransa, Blanquist, 'yan kungiyoyin kwadago na Ingilishi, masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu ra'ayin dimokuradiyya. Ta hanyar haɗin kai na gaske tare da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki, Ƙasashen Duniya sun zama ƙungiya mai mahimmanci. Karl Marx ya zama babban jigo na kasa da kasa kuma memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mabiyan Proudhon, Mutualists, sun yi adawa da tsarin gurguzu na jihar Marx, suna kare ra'ayin siyasa da ƙananan mallaka. A cikin 1872, bayan rashin nasara a cikin League of Peace and Freedom (LPF), dan juyin juya halin Rasha Mikhail Bakunin da 'yan uwansa masu ra'ayin gama gari sun shiga cikin na farko na kasa da kasa (wanda ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi tarayya da LPF). Sun yi hadin gwiwa da kungiyoyin gurguzu na tarayya na kasa da kasa, wadanda suka ba da ra'ayin juyin juya hali na juyin juya hali da kuma tara dukiya. Da farko, masu tara jama'a sun yi aiki tare da Marxists don tura ƙungiyar farko ta kasa da kasa a cikin mafi girman alkiblar gurguzu. Daga baya, an raba Internationalasashen waje zuwa sansani biyu, karkashin jagorancin Marx da Bakunin. A cikin XNUMX rikicin ya zo kan gaba tare da rabuwa ta ƙarshe tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu a Hague Congress, inda aka kori Bakunin da James Guillaume daga Internationalasashen Duniya kuma aka koma hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa New York. Dangane da mayar da martani, sassan tarayya sun kafa nasu na kasa da kasa a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Saint-Imier, inda suka dauki tsarin mulkin kama karya.

Anarchism da tsarin aiki

Sassan masu adawa da mulki na farko na kasa da kasa sun kasance masu gaba-gaba na anarcho-syndicalists, wadanda suka nemi "maye gurbin gata da ikon gwamnati" tare da "kungiyar kwadago ta 'yanci kuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba."

Confederation Generale du Travail (General Confederation of Labor, CGT), wanda aka ƙirƙira a Faransa a cikin 1985, shine babban motsi na anarcho-syndicalist na farko, amma Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Spain ta riga ta kasance a 1881. A most anarchist motsi a yau ne a Spain, a cikin nau'i na CGT da CNT (National Confederation of Labor). Sauran yunƙurin ɓangarorin ɗabi'a sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Ma'aikatan Amurka da Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai ta Burtaniya.

Anarchism da juyin juya halin Rasha

Anarchists sun shiga tare da Bolshevik a cikin juyin Fabrairu da Oktoba kuma sun kasance masu sha'awar juyin juya halin Bolshevik da farko. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba Bolsheviks suka juya baya ga ’yan adawa da sauran ’yan adawa na hagu, rikicin da ya kai ga juyin Kronstadt na 1921, wanda sabuwar gwamnati ta yi watsi da shi. Anarchists a tsakiyar Rasha, ko dai an daure su a karkashin kasa, ko kuma sun shiga cikin nasara Bolshevik; 'Yan adawa daga Petrograd da Moscow sun gudu zuwa Ukraine. A can, a cikin Free Territory, sun yi yaƙi a cikin yakin basasa da fararen fata (ƙungiyar sarakunan sarakuna da sauran masu adawa da juyin juya halin Oktoba) sannan kuma Bolsheviks a matsayin wani ɓangare na Sojojin Revolutionary Revolutionary na Ukraine, karkashin jagorancin Nestor Makhno, wanda ya kirkiro. al'ummar anarchist a yankin tsawon watanni da dama.

'Yan adawar Amurka da ke gudun hijira Emma Goldman da Alexander Berkman na daga cikin wadanda suka yi gangamin mayar da martani ga manufofin Bolshevik da murkushe boren Kronstadt kafin su bar Rasha. Dukansu sun rubuta bayanan abubuwan da suka faru a Rasha, suna sukar matakin ikon da Bolsheviks ke yi. A wurinsu, hasashen da Bakunin ya yi game da illar mulkin Markisanci, cewa sarakunan sabuwar “yan gurguzu” ta Marxist za su zama sabon fitattun mutane, ya zama gaskiya ma.

Anarchism a cikin karni na 20

A cikin 1920s da 1930s, haɓakar farkisanci a Turai ya canza rikicin anarchism da ƙasa. Italiya ta fuskanci fadan farko tsakanin 'yan mulkin kama karya da 'yan farkisanci. Anarchists na Italiya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kungiyar Arditi del Popolo ta anti-fascist, wadda ta fi karfi a yankunan da al'adar anarchist, kuma sun sami wasu nasarori a cikin ayyukansu, kamar fatattakar Blackshirts a cikin tungar anarchist na Parma a watan Agustan 1922. Anarchist Luigi Fabbri na ɗaya daga cikin masu ra'ayin farkisanci na farko, yana mai kiransa "ƙirar juyin juya hali". A kasar Faransa, inda kungiyoyin masu tsatsauran ra'ayi ke dab da yin tawaye a lokacin tarzomar watan Fabrairun 1934, an samu rarrabuwar kawuna kan manufofin hadaka.

A Spain, da farko CNT ta ƙi shiga kawancen zaɓe na Popular Front, kuma kaurace wa magoya bayan CNT ya haifar da nasarar zaɓe ga 'yancin. Amma a cikin 1936 CNT ta canza manufofinta, kuma muryoyin anarchist sun taimaka wa Popular Front komawa kan mulki. Bayan watanni, tsoffin masu mulki sun amsa da yunkurin juyin mulki wanda ya haifar da yakin basasar Spain (1936-1939). A mayar da martani ga boren sojojin, wani anarchist-sauyi motsi na manoma da ma'aikata, goyon bayan da makamai masu linzami, ya mamaye Barcelona da kuma manyan yankunan karkara Spain, inda suka tattara ƙasar. Amma tun kafin nasarar da ‘yan Nazi suka yi a shekara ta 1939, ‘yan mulkin kama karya sun yi kasa a gwiwa wajen gwagwarmayar da suke yi da ‘yan Stalin, wadanda ke kula da rabon taimakon soja ga jamhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet. Dakarun da Stalin ke jagoranta sun murkushe gungun jama'a tare da tsananta wa masu adawa da Marxists da 'yan mulkin kama karya. Anarchists a Faransa da Italiya sun shiga rayayye a cikin Resistance a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Duk da cewa anarchists sun yi siyasa a Spain, Italiya, Belgium, da Faransa, musamman a shekarun 1870, da kuma Spain a lokacin yakin basasar Spain, kuma duk da cewa anarchists sun kafa kawancen anarcho-syndicalist a Amurka a 1905, babu ko daya. gagarumin, nasara al'ummomin anarchist kowane girman. Anarchism ya sami farfadowa a cikin 1960s da farkon 1970s a cikin ayyukan masu goyon baya kamar Paul Goodman (1911-72), watakila wanda aka fi sani da rubuce-rubucensa game da ilimi, da Daniel Guérin (1904-88), wanda ya haɓaka nau'in anarchism na tarayya wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa. ya gina a kan anarcho-syndicalism na ƙarni na goma sha tara, wanda a yanzu ya ƙare amma ya wuce.

Matsalolin anarchism

Manufa da nufin

Gabaɗaya, 'yan mulkin kama karya suna goyon bayan aiwatar da kai tsaye kuma suna adawa da jefa ƙuri'a a zaɓe. Galibin ‘yan mulkin kama karya suna ganin cewa canji na hakika ba zai yiwu ta hanyar zabe ba. Ayyukan kai tsaye na iya zama tashin hankali ko rashin tashin hankali. Wasu ‘yan mulkin kama karya ba sa kallon barnatar da dukiya a matsayin tashin hankali.

Jari-hujja

Yawancin al'adun anarchist sun ƙi tsarin jari-hujja (wanda suke gani a matsayin mai mulki, tilastawa, da cin zarafi) tare da ƙasa. Wannan ya haɗa da barin aikin albashi, dangantakar shugaba da ma'aikaci, zama mai mulki; da dukiya masu zaman kansu, kama da ra'ayi mai mulki.

Zaman duniya

Dukkanin ‘yan mulkin kama karya suna adawa da yin amfani da tilastawa da ke da alaka da kasuwancin kasa da kasa, wanda ake aiwatarwa ta hanyar cibiyoyi irin su bankin duniya, kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya, G8 da dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya. Wasu ’yan mulkin kama karya suna ganin ci gaban duniya na Neoliberal a irin wannan tilastawa.

Kwaminisanci

Yawancin makarantu na anarchism sun fahimci bambanci tsakanin tsarin gurguzu na 'yanci da masu mulki.

dimokiradiyya

Ga masu ra'ayin rikau na daidaikun jama'a, tsarin dimokuradiyya mafi rinjaye ana daukarsa mara inganci. Duk wani tauye hakkin dan Adam zalunci ne kuma alama ce ta zaluncin mafiya rinjaye.

Jima'i

Anarcha-feminism mai yiyuwa yana ganin kabilanci a matsayin wani bangare da kuma alamar tsarin tsarin zalunci.

Gudun

Baƙar fata anarchism yana adawa da wanzuwar ƙasa, tsarin jari-hujja, mulkin mallaka da mallake mutanen zuriyar Afirka, kuma yana ba da shawarar ƙungiyar da ba ta da matsayi na al'umma.

addini

Anarchism a al'ada ya kasance mai shakka da adawa da tsarin addini.

ma'anar anarchism

Anarcho-syndicalism