Kayayyaki da fa'idodin sapphire

Sapphire tana da kyawawan kursiyin sama. Yana nuna zuciyar masu saukin kai, wadanda wani bege ke jagoranta da wadanda rayuwarsu ke haskakawa da rahama da nagarta. Cancantar sawa da sarakuna, tun daga sararin sama launinsa da kyawunsa ya zama kamar sararin samaniya da tsayuwarta...

Marbod, marubucin sanannen lapidary na tsakiya, ya bayyana da bewitching annurin sapphire, m da zurfi a lokaci guda. Daga cikin duwatsu masu daraja huɗu (lu'u-lu'u, emerald, ruby, sapphire), yawanci ana ambatonsa a ƙarshe. Duk da haka, mafi kyawun kyawawan dabi'u suna hade da shi: tsarki, adalci da rikon amana.

Halayen ma'adinai na sapphire

Sapphire corundum ce mai kama da ruby, ɗan'uwansa tagwaye. Chromium yana ba Ruby launin ja, yayin da titanium da baƙin ƙarfe ke ba da launin shuɗi ga sapphire. Akwai ƙarin sapphires, amma manyan cikakkun samfurori na musamman ne.

Sapphire, na cikin rukuni na oxides, ba shi da cleavage (jirginan karaya na halitta). Faciyoyinsa (projection) na iya zama pyramidal, prismatic, tabular, ko siffar ganga. D'une grande dureté, 9 sur une échelle de 10, il raye tous les corps sauf le diamant.

Sapphire yana samuwa a cikin duwatsun metamorphic (Duwatsu sun canza bayan haɓakar zafin jiki ko matsa lamba) ku magmatique (Duwatsu daga tsakiyar duniya an jefar da su sama bayan tashin aman wuta). Ana samun shi a cikin duwatsu masu ƙananan silica: nepheline, marmara, basalt ...

Mafi sau da yawa, sapphires ana hako su daga ƙananan adibas na alluvial da ake kira adibas na biyu. : koguna suna gangarowa daga tsaunuka, suna ɗauke da duwatsu a gindin rafuffukan da filayen. Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai gabaɗaya sana'a ce: haƙa rijiyoyi ko kawai wanke yashi da tsakuwa tare da pallets ɗin da aka saba yi daga itacen inabi. Abubuwan ajiya na farko suna da alaƙa da haƙar ma'adinan duwatsu masu wahala waɗanda ke kan tudu masu tsayi.

Un saphir doit presenter un bel éclat. Alamar madarar sapphire, sannan ake kira "chalcedony", ba a so. Microcracks da ke haifar da tasirin kankara ko kumfa suna lalata sapphire, da dige da hatsi. Duk waɗannan kurakuran suna da haɗarin lalata sapphire zuwa matsayin "gem". A wannan bangaren, Sapphire na cikakkiyar kyawun shuɗi na iya zama tsada sosai.

Sapphire kayan ado da abubuwa

Launuka Sapphire

Ana ƙayyade launi na ma'adinai ta hanyar ƙara ko žasa ƙarancin kasancewar wasu abubuwan sinadarai. Chromium, titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel ko vanadium suna haɗuwa zuwa launi corundum ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

Sai kawai ja corundum, ruby, da blue corundum, sapphire ana ɗaukar duwatsu masu daraja. Sauran, na launuka daban-daban, ana daukar su "sapphires zato". Dole ne launin su ya biyo bayan sunan "sapphire" (rawaya sapphire, koren sapphire, da sauransu). Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, dangantakarsu ba ta bayyana a fili ba, ana kiran su: "Oriental Peridot" (koren sapphire), "Oriental Topaz" (rawaya sapphire), "Amethyst Oriental" (sapphire purple) ...

Dutsen wani lokaci yana da launuka daban-daban ko kuma yana da tunani, kamar sapphire na Urushalima artichoke. Le corindon incolore da transparent est un saphir blanc ko "leucosaphir". Il existe un saphir à la spectaculaire couleur corail. Originaire du Sri-Lanka, cette rareté porte le nom particulier de "padparadscha" (fleur de lotus en cinghalais).

Ana iya fahimtar launi na sapphires daban-daban dangane da tushen haske. Wasu saphirs bleu indigo paraissent presque noirs à la lumière artificielle. D'autres deviennent violets à la lumière du soleil. Le saphir possède aussi des propriétés pléochroïques : la couleur varie selon l'angle d'observation.

Sapphire yanke

A bisa al'ada sapphire yanka tare da lu'u-lu'u kura. Le polissage s'effectue à l'aide d'un abrasif en poudre à base de corindon ordinaire et déclassé : l'émeri, utilisé aussi dans le polissage des verres optiques.

Yanke fuska yana haɓaka kyalli na sapphires. Duwatsu tare da abubuwan ban mamaki, irin su sapphire ido na cat (ƙirƙirar layi na tsaye kamar almajiri cat) ko kuma wanda ake nema bayan tauraron sapphire (tauraro mai nuna alama shida) zai bayyana duk kyawun su bayan tsohuwar yanke da ake kira " da cabochon .

Batar da suna da rudani

Akwai da yawa sunaye masu ɓatarwa :

• "Sapphire na Brazil" shine topaz mai launin shuɗi akai-akai.
• "Sapphire spinel" shine ainihin kashin shuɗi.
• "Ruwa sapphire", cordierite.

La saffir, sau da yawa ana samuwa a hade tare da corundum, ainihin silicate ne. Sunansa na musamman ga launin shuɗi, kama da launin sapphire.

Muna samarwa roba sapphires daga 1920/XNUMX/XNUMX. Suna maye gurbin sapphires na halitta don dalilai na masana'antu. Har ila yau, masana'antar kayan ado suna amfani da su, kamar yadda tauraron sapphire na roba ya samar tun 1947.

Maganin zafi (kimanin 1700 °) da sakawa a iska suna nufin canza ko gyara launi da bayyananne. Yana da mahimmanci a ambaci amfani da waɗannan matakai.

Asalin sapphire

Sri Lanka

Sapphires daga yankin Ratnapura an san su tun zamanin da. Yana fitar da duwatsu masu daraja (blue forget-ni-nots), sapphires na taurari da ba kasafai ba, da sapphires masu launi, padparadscha. Kuma ko da a yau, kusan rabin sapphires sun fito ne daga tsohuwar Ceylon. Daga cikinsu akwai wasu fitattun jarumai:

• Logan 433 carats (fiye da 85 g). An kewaye shi da lu'u-lu'u, an yanke matattakala. Ana iya sha'awar fa'idarsa na musamman da haske a Cibiyar Smithsonian da ke Washington (ƙananan hagu).

 

• Tauraron aljana na Indiya mai nauyin carats 563 (a kasa) kumaEtoile de Minuit, 116 carats (ci-dessus à droite), étonnante par sa couleur violet-pourpre. Ces deux merveilles sont bayyane ko Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de New York.

indian cashmere

Wannan ajiya na farko da ba kasafai ba ne, wanda, da rashin alheri, kusan an ƙare shi cikin shekaru arba'in. Sapphires, wanda aka hako daga kaolinite, ana hako su kai tsaye daga tudun Kashmir a tsayin sama da mita 4500 sama da matakin teku. Deep velvety blue, an dauke su mafi kyau duka. Sapphires na yau da ake zaton "Kashmiri" suna fitowa daga Burma.

Myanmar (Burma)

Yankin Mogok, shimfiɗar jaririn yaƙutu, kuma yana da wadatar sapphires na pegmatite. A da, yawancin sapphires na Gabas sun fito ne daga masarautar Pegu mai cin gashin kanta, dake arewa maso gabashin babban birnin Rangoon na yanzu.

Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington tana nuna kyakkyawar sapphire tauraruwar Burma: Tauraron Asiya mai nauyin carats 330, Matsakaici duhu shuɗi.

Nasarawa

Cire daga basalt Yankin Chanthaburi da yankin Kanchanaburi, Sapphires masu kyau masu kyau, shuɗi mai duhu ko shuɗi-kore, wani lokacin tare da taurari. Hakanan akwai sapphires masu launi.

Australia

Ana hako sapphires daga duwatsun basalt Queensland daga 1870 da ma'adinan NSW daga 1918. Ingancin su galibi matsakaita ne, amma an sami samfuran da ba kasafai suke da kusan taurari baƙar fata a wurin.

Jihar Montana (Amurka)

L'exploitation des gisments, a kan Missouri kusa da Helena, ya fara a cikin 1894, sannan ya ƙare a 1920, sannan ya ci gaba da ɗan lokaci a cikin 1985.

Faransa

Le wurin tarihi na Puy-en-Velay a cikin Haute-Loire ana sayar da shi, amma da ya ba Turai da sapphires da garnets da dadewa. Kwanan nan a Gano sapphires a kasan kogi kusa da Issoire a Puy-de-Dome ya haifar da wani binciken kimiyya mai ban sha'awa. Wajibi ne a binciki hanyar duwatsun domin gano asalinsu na asali, wato wurin da aka haife su, a cikin tuddai masu aman wuta na Auvergne.

A tsakanin sauran kasashe masu samarwa, Afirka ta Kudu, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Najeriya, Tanzania da Zimbabwe ana samun su a Afirka; Brazil da Colombia a Amurka; Cambodia da China a Asiya.

Etymology na sunan Sapphire.

Kalmar sapphire ta zo Latin shuɗin yaƙutu ya fito daga Girkanci saffir ("jewel"). Ibrananci bile da Syria safila tabbas ya zama tsohuwar asalin kalmar. Muna samuwa a cikin harsunan archaic spa siffar amfani da su koma zuwa na farko "kayan wuta"sa'an nan "kyakkyawan kallo", sannan ta hanyar tsawo "abubuwa masu kyau".

Ɗaya daga cikin litattafai na Bestiary, wanda marubuci-mawaƙi ya rubuta Philip na Taon kusa da 1120/1130 rubuta cikin Faransanci, kakan harshen Faransanci. Mun fara haduwa da sapphire a sigar Faransanci: Saffir. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin Renaissance, mun lura a cikin ƙamus " Harshen Faransanci "Ku zo Jean Nicot (sanannen gabatarwar taba a Faransa) wani nau'i daban-daban: shuɗin yaƙutu. 

L'adjectif saphirin, ou da saphiréen rare, caractérise pour sa part toute chose de la couleur du saphir. A da akwai wani shudin ido da ake kira ruwan sapphirine.

Sapphire a cikin tarihi

Le Saphir dans l'Antiquite

An ambaci Sapphire sau da yawa a cikin Tsohon Alkawari, musamman a Fitowa.. Yawancin lokaci ana da'awar cewa Allunan Doka an yi su ne da sapphire. A zahiri, sapphire ba shi da alaƙa da kayan Tebura. Wannan ya shafi wahayin Allah ta wurin Musa da sahabbansa:

Sun ga Allah na Isra'ila; Ƙarƙashin ƙafarsa ya kasance kamar aikin sapphire, kamar sararin sama a cikin tsarkinta.

Don haka, ambaton sapphire ya fi fahimta kuma yana ba da izini kula da tsohuwar alamar alamar dutse. Blue sapphire ko da yaushe hade da ikon sama : Indra a Indiya, Zeus ko Jupiter tsakanin Helenawa da Romawa.

Sapphire na tsoho ba koyaushe yayi daidai da corundum shuɗi ba. . saffir Masanin Hellenanci Theophrastus (- 300 BC) da shuɗin yaƙutu Pliny the Elder (karni na farko AD) yana da daure kai. Bayanin su na ɗigon zinari a bangon shuɗi sun fi kama da lapis lazuli. Corundums na Ceylon, wanda aka sani tun aƙalla 1 BC, sun kasance blue, zuwa aeroid na Romawa, ko zuwa hyakinthus ga na Helenawa.

A zamanin da, tsananin launi yana da alaƙa da jinsin da ake zaton na duwatsu. Don haka, ana ɗaukar sapphires masu launin shuɗi masu duhu a matsayin maza, yayin da duwatsu masu ƙarancin ƙima ana ɗaukar su na mata.

Akwai 'yan sapphires na gargajiya da aka zana. Le département des antiques de la Bibliothèque Nationale conserve une intaille égyptienne (gravure en creux) du 2ème siècle avant JC représentant la tête bouclée d'une reine ou d'une princesse ptolémaïque. A y voit également une intaille wakilin l'empereur romain Pertinax qui regna trois mois en l'an 193.

Ta fuskar fa'ida, saffir yana kawar da ciwon kai kuma yana kwantar da idanu (dabi'u sau da yawa ana danganta su ga shudin duwatsu). Dioscorides, likitan Girkanci kuma masanin harhada magunguna (ƙarni na farko AD), wanda ya fara aikin lithotherapy, yana ba da shawarar sapphire foda da aka haɗe da madara don magance maƙarƙashiya da sauran raunuka masu kamuwa da cuta.

Sapphire a tsakiyar zamanai

Tun daga karni na XNUMX, gungun mutane na Franks, Visigoths da sauran masu nasara sun zauna a yankinmu, suna kawo iliminsu. Sun ƙware dabarun yin kayan adon da aka riga aka yi amfani da su a Masar a zamanin Fir'auna: cloisonné. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi ƙirƙira ɓangarorin sirara ta amfani da tagulla ko zinare don gina duwatsu masu launi daban-daban. Za a adana wannan fasaha a cikin fasahar Merovingians da Carolingians. A cikin Abbey na Saint-Maurice a Switzerland, za ku iya sha'awar akwatin gawar tare da kayan tarihi na Teiderich, tulu mai suna "Charlemagne" da kuma gilashin da ake kira "Saint-Martin", wanda aka yi wa ado da sapphires.

Daga karni na sha biyu Magunguna na zamani yana haɓaka halayen sapphire, wanda aka sani tun zamanin da:

Yana hada jama'a da kyau...yana sanyaya mutum wanda zafin jiki yayi yawa a jiki,yana fitar da datti da datti daga ido yana wanke su. Yana da amfani ga ciwon kai (ciwon kai) da ma mai warin baki.

« Kasance mai tsabta, tsafta da tsafta, ba tare da tabo akan sa ba lokacin sawa sharuddan da ake bukata don samun waɗannan fa'idodin.

Sapphire kuma dutsen 'yanci ne idan fursuna ya yi sa'a ya sami daya a gidan yarin su. Abin da kawai zai yi shi ne shafa dutsen da ke kan sarƙoƙinsa da kuma gefensa huɗu na gidan yarin. Ana iya kwatanta wannan tsohuwar bangaskiya da duniyar asiri Alchemists wadanda suka dauki sapphire dutsen iska. Don haka kalmar "wasa yarinyar iska"?

Kiristendam ta karɓi sapphire na sama. Alamar tsarki, sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Budurwa Maryamu. Cardinals suna sa shi a hannun dama. Shi ma sarkin saliha na Ingila, Edward the Confessor, yana yin haka. A cewar almara, ya ba da zobensa, wanda aka ƙawata da sapphire mai ban mamaki, ga maroƙi. Wannan matalauci shi ne St. Yohanna masanin tauhidi, wanda ya dawo duniya don gwada shi. A cikin Kasa Mai Tsarki, Saint John ya ba da zoben ga mahajjata biyu, waɗanda suka mayar da shi ga masarautar Ingila.

An nada sarkin a cikin karni na XNUMX. Lokacin da aka buɗe kabarinsa, ana cire sapphire daga yatsansa. An yi masa rawani tare da giciye Maltese, Tun daga 1838, St. Edward's Sapphire ya naɗa kambin sarauta na Sarauniya Victoria da magadanta..

A Italiya, Mai Tsarki House of Loreto (Sainte-Maison de Lorette) hakika zai zama gidan Maryamu. A Nazarat, wannan wurin ya zama ɗakin sujada tun zamanin manzanni. 'Yan Salibiyya da aka kora daga Falasdinu sun shirya yadda za a kai gidan zuwa Italiya ta jirgin ruwa tsakanin 1291 zuwa 1294. Ganuwar dutse guda uku sun zama babban basilica mai wadata, kuma a cikin ƙarni da yawa hadayun mahajjata ya kasance abin taska na gaske.

A cikin rahoton 1786 da aka yi nufin Madame Elisabeth, 'yar'uwar Louis XVI, Abbé de Binos ya ba da rahoton cewa ya ga sapphire mai ban sha'awa. Ya bayyana tsayin ƙafa ɗaya da rabi akan gindin ƙafa biyu (dala yana da kusan 45 cm x 60 cm). Karin gishiri ko gaskiya? Ba wanda ya sani, domin a yau dukiyar ta ɓace gaba ɗaya.

Le Louvre ya fallasa une œuvre religieuse ornée de saphirs datant du XVème siècle: "le Tableau de la Trinité". Wannan nau'in kayan ado ne na rataye tare da duwatsu masu daraja. Sapphires sun fi rinjaye, mafi girma wanda aka zana shi a cikin intaglio tare da yiwuwar hoton Joan na Navarre, Sarauniyar Ingila a 1403. Ta gabatar da wannan kyauta ga Duke na Brittany, ɗanta. Anne na Brittany ta ba da gadonta ga Baitulmalin Sarauta ta Faransa ta hanyar auren Charles VIII.

Sapphires suna ƙawata kayan ado da abubuwan amfani. Goblets (babban gilashin gilashi mai siffa mai murfi) suna da wadataccen kayan aiki da su: gilashin da aka yi da azurfa mai walƙiya, suna zaune a kan ƙafar marmaro, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da garnets guda biyu da sapphires goma sha ɗaya ... 'ya'yan itace ko fure), an yi musu ado da fure. furen zinariya da lu'ulu'u mai katon sapphire a tsakiya. Waɗannan sapphires da aka samu a cikin kayan sarki ba duka sun fito daga Gabas ba.

Sapphire Puy-en-Velay

Yawancin sapphires da ke cikin kotunan sarauta ta Turai sun fito ne daga Le Puy-en-Velay. Rafi mai suna Rio Pesuyo kusa da ƙauyen Espaly-Saint-Marseille an san shi tun aƙalla ƙarni na XNUMX don wadatar sapphires da garnets. Sarakunan Faransa, Charles VI da Charles VII, suna ziyartar wannan wuri akai-akai don yin siyayya a wurin. Bishop na Le Puy, da kansa mai tattara sapphires, ya zaunar da su a cikin fadar Escopal.

Ana girbi sapphires lokacin da rafin ya kusa bushewa. Makiyaya suna neman mafi zurfin kududdufai, wanki da tsakuwa. Wannan “zunubi mai ban al’ajabi” ya ci gaba har ƙarnuka da yawa. Wani littafi na ma'adinai ya sanar da mu cewa a cikin 1753 har yanzu akwai wani mutum daga ƙauyen don motsa jiki " bincika hyacinths da sapphires .

Sapphire Le Puy, wanda ake kira "sapphire daga Faransa", ita ce kawai sapphire na Turai. Zai iya zama launin shuɗi mai kyau sosai kuma yana da ruwa mai kyau, amma sau da yawa ba shi da haske kuma yana jan hankali tare da launin kore. Ba ya cika gasa da sapphire na gabas, amma yana da fa'idar kasancewa mai rahusa. Puy-en-Velay sapphires sun zama abin sha'awa, kuma gidajen tarihi da aka ajiye su ba kasafai ba ne.

Sabon lokaci da sapphire

A cikin littafin "Grand Saphir" apparaît dans les collections na Louis XIV a 1669. Idan babu yarjejeniyar da aka rubuta akan bayanan, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi kyauta. Wannan kyakkyawan kyautar 135 carat shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da tunani mai shuɗi ya fito daga Ceylon. Grand Sapphire yana jingine daga cikin akwati sau da yawa don ba da mamaki ga manyan masu wucewa. Daga nan sai a sanya shi cikin wani firam na zinariya kusa da abokinsa, lu'u-lu'u shudin.

Na dogon lokaci an yi imani da cewa wannan jauhari shine ɗanyen dutse. A cikin 1801, masanin ma'adinai René-Just Gahuy ya lura da haka dutsen ya sami haske, yanke a hankali yayin da yake kiyaye yanayin yanayinsa da siffar lu'u-lu'u na asali. Tun lokacin da aka samu, Grand Saphir ba a taɓa yankewa ba. Ana iya ganin shi a gidan kayan tarihi na tarihin halitta a birnin Paris.

Le Grand Saphir est fréquemment confondu avec le saphir de "Ruspoli" mais il s'agit de deux gemmes différentes. Nauyin Ruspoli kusan iri ɗaya ne, amma yanke ya bambanta (siffar matashi). Har ila yau, ya fito ne daga Ceylon, inda, bisa ga al'ada, ya kamata a gano shi ta hanyar wani talaka mai sayar da cokali na katako. Yana da sunansa ga yariman Italiya Francesco Ruspoli, ɗaya daga cikin sanannun masu mallakar. Wannan sapphire tana da tafiya mai ban mamaki : wanda aka sayar da shi ga wani dan kasar Faransa, sannan ya mallaki gadon sarautar attajiri Harry Hope, baitul malin sarauta na Rasha, sannan kuma Crown na Romania. A ƙarshe an sayar wa wani ɗan Amurka mai saye a kusa da 1950, ba mu san abin da ya faru da ita ba tun lokacin.

Asalin sanannen sabis ɗin sapphire na Sarauniya Marie-Amelie, matar Louis Philippe, kuma an rufe shi cikin sirri. Louis-Philippe, wanda har yanzu Duke na Orléans, ya sayi waɗannan kayan ado daga Sarauniya Hortense, ɗiyar Sarauniya Josephine da ɗiyar Napoleon I. Ko rubutun ko hoton bai bayyana asalin jauhari ba, wanda aka nuna a Louvre tun daga lokacin. 1985.

A shekara ta 1938, wani yaro ya samu a Ostiraliya wani baƙar fata mai kyan gani mai kyan gani mai nauyin fiye da 200 g. Dutsen ya kasance a cikin gidan na tsawon shekaru kuma an ce an yi amfani da shi azaman shingen kofa. Uba, matashi, ƙare gano cewa baƙar fata sapphire ce.

Za a sayar da shi kan dala 18,000 ga mai yin kayan ado Harry Kazanjan, yana da tabbacin cewa akwai asterism a bayan kyawun duhu. Yanke mai laushi da haɗari yadda ya kamata yana bayyana tauraruwar rutile da ba a zata ba. Black Star na Queensland 733-carat ya zama tauraron sapphire mafi girma a duniya. An yaba masa a gidajen tarihi daban-daban a lokacin nune-nunen na wucin gadi. Ƙimar aujourd'hui a kan dala miliyan 100, da kuma toujours appartenu a des particuliers fortunés et n'a da été présenté depuis longtemps.

Fa'idodi da fa'idodin sapphire a cikin lithotherapy

Lithotherapy na zamani yana ba da sapphire siffar gaskiya, hikima da jituwa. Ana ba da shawarar don kwantar da hankulan fushi da rashin haƙuri, don kawo kwanciyar hankali, kwanciyar hankali da clairvoyance cikin motsin rai. Yana aiki akan duk chakras.

Amfanin Sapphire Akan Cututtukan Jiki

• Yana kawar da migraines da ciwon kai
• Yana kawar da ciwon rheumatic, sciatica
• Yana sabunta fata, kusoshi da gashi
• Yana maganin zazzabi da kumburi
• Ƙaddamar da tsarin veineux
• Yana daidaita zubar jini
• Yana kawar da sinusitis, mashako
• Yana inganta matsalolin hangen nesa, musamman conjunctivitis
• Yana ƙarfafa kuzari

Ana amfani da shi azaman elixir don kawar da ciwon kai da kunnuwa, tsaftace fata, yaki da kuraje, da ƙarfafa ƙusoshi da gashi.

Amfanin sapphire ga psyche da dangantaka

• Yana haɓaka ɗagawa ta ruhaniya, wahayi da tunani
• Yana kwantar da hankali aiki
• Ka kwantar da hankalinka
• Yana ƙarfafa kuzari
• Leve da crane
• Yana ƙarfafa maida hankali, kerawa
• Yana kwantar da hankali jihohin
• Redonne joie de vivre, mai ban sha'awa
• Haɓaka yarda da kai da juriya
• Yana daidaita yawan aiki
• Yana ƙara sha'awa
• Ƙarfafa so, ƙarfin hali
• Yana inganta barci da mafarkai masu kyau

Sapphire tsaftacewa da caji

Ana tsabtace duk corundms da gishiri, distilled ko demineralized ruwa. Ana yin caji a rana, a ƙarƙashin hasken wata ko kuma a kan yawan ma'adini.