Ganin Jahannama a cikin Dante's Divine Comedy

Shekaru aru-aru, Dante's Divine Comedy an gane shi a matsayin wani nau'i na misaltawa don tafiya ta jahannama a duniya, kuma abun da ya ƙunshi kashi uku ya zama kusan alamar tsari na Allah. Ƙwararrun adabi sun ɗaga wasan kwaikwayo na Allahntaka zuwa matsayi. batun mara lokaci... Idan aka ba da ƙayyadaddun tarihin tarihin jaruminsa, ba shi yiwuwa a karanta aikin ba tare da kwatankwacin duniya ba. Ina jin cewa duk tsararraki da ke ƙoƙarin shiga cikin ainihin waƙar to lallai sun sami irin wannan ji. Kuma ko da yake mun rabu da ƙarni da yawa daga ƙirƙirar aikin, kuma tun lokacin duniya ta canza sosai, wani wuri mai zurfi a cikin ku yana jin cewa dabi'un da aka gano tare da zamani na zamani sun wanzu a zamaninmu. Idan Dante ba zato ba tsammani ya shiga karni na XNUMX bayan ya bar lahira, zai sami mutane kama da waɗanda ya sadu da su a cikin Jahannama. Kasancewar wayewar zamani ta bambanta da wadda mawaƙin ya sani da kansa ba yana nufin mutane ma sun gyaru ba. Mun san ƙarin, muna haɓaka cikin sauri, ƙirƙirar sabbin fasahohi ... Amma duniya har yanzu tana fuskantar barna, fyade, tashin hankali da lalacewa. Mu ma, ba baki ne ga ƙananan zunubai waɗanda mutane suka tuba a cikin "Divine Comedy".

Action "Divine Comedy"

Aikin ban dariya yana faruwa ne a tsakiyar rayuwar marubucin... Tafiya ta Dante zuwa lahira ta fara ne a daren Maundy Alhamis zuwa Juma'a mai kyau, 7 ga Afrilu, 1300. Matakin farko shine "Jahannama". Ana iya kallon saukowar jarumar a matsayin sadaukarwa, kokarin dan Adam. Dante yana tafiya cikin kamfani a ƙarƙashin duniya Virgil - gwanin zamanin da. Virgil, manzon rahamar Allah, ya bayyana a wani muhimmin lokaci ga mahajjaci, ya cece shi daga mutuwa ta zahiri da ta dabi'a. Ya ba shi wata hanya, hanya ta cikin duniya - tare da kansa a matsayin jagora. Virgil, arna da aka haifa kafin Kristi, ba shi da damar zuwa sama. Hakanan ba zai iya tserewa ya fita daga Preada ba. Saboda haka, a kan tafiya daga baya, ya bi Dante. Beatrice... Yin yawo a cikin masarautu uku da ke wajen duniya zai warkar da ran mawaƙin kuma ya sa ya cancanci ya bayyana masa abin da Allah ya tsara domin ceton dukan ’yan Adam. A ƙarshe, Virgil ruhu ne wanda ya "san kome," Beatrice, bi da bi, mai ceto ce, sabili da haka duk abin da aka bayyana gare ta ta wurin tunanin Allah. Don haka, Dante ba shi kaɗai ba ne a kan wannan tafiya, ya ƙarfafa masu ba da shawara kuma da kansa ya sami alheri na musamman. Yana kama da alamar cewa an zaɓe shi a matsayin jagora na ruhaniya ga dukan duniya a lokacin kuma mai yiwuwa ga dukan tsararraki masu zuwa. Saboda haka, abin da ya fuskanta a rayuwa ta bayansa zai iya koya wa ’yan Adam yadda za su yi rayuwa da daraja kuma su kasance a sama.

Allah Mai Ban Dariya ya kunshi sassa ukuyayi daidai da duniyoyi uku - yana can Jahannama, Purgatory da Aljanna... Kowane bangare ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi uku da waƙar gabatarwa ga duka waƙar - jimlar ɗari. Jahannama (fadi mai nisa a tsakiyar duniya) an raba shi zuwa kashin baya goma da atria... Masarautar ta kasu kashi da yawa A'araf - dutse mai tsayi, wanda yake da tsayi a tsakiyar teku a Kudancin Duniya, kuma yana saman Aljannar duniya, wato sammai goma (bisa ga tsarin Ptolemy) da Empyrum. Masu zunubi suna cuɗanya a cikin jahannama dangane da ko su ne alhakin rashin iya yoyon fitsari, fyade, ko zamba. Waɗanda suka tuba a cikin Purgatory suna rarraba bisa ga ko ƙaunarsu mai kyau ce ko marar kyau. An raba ruhohin Aljanna zuwa aiki da tunani, ya dangana ko dangantakarsu ta duniya ta gaji saboda ƙaunarsu ga Allah, ko kuma wannan ƙauna ta bunƙasa a cikin rayuwa mai aiki ko ta tunani.

An yi la'akari da komai tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin: a cikin dukkanin sassa uku akwai kusan adadin layi daya, kowannensu ya ƙare da kalmar "asterisks". Yana kama da kyakkyawar falsafar rayuwa, gina duniya bisa ƙa'idodi masu ma'ana. To me ya sa ake samun miyagu da yawa a wannan muhallin? Mai yiwuwa, wannan ya faru ne saboda ainihin ainihin ɗan adam da kuma irin rawar da waɗannan cibiyoyi suka taka a cikin aƙidar Kiristanci.

Jahannama Vision - da'ira

Ka daina dukan bege, kuna shiga [nan].

Jahannama ta shimfida karkashin kasa. Ƙofa tana kaiwa zuwa gare ta, a bayanta akwai Pre-Jahannama, wadda kogin Acheron ya rabu da Jahannama. An canja rayukan matattu zuwa wancan gefen ta Charon. Mawaƙin ya haɗa batutuwan Littafi Mai-Tsarki da tatsuniyoyi cikin yardar kaina. Don haka, muna samun koguna irin su Acheron, Styx, Phlegeton da Cocytus. Minos, Charon, Cerberus, Pluto, Flagia, Fury, Medusa, Minotaur, Centaurs, Harpies da sauran dodanni na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, da Lucifer da dukan rundunar shaidanu, karnuka, maciji, dodanni, da dai sauransu ke aiwatar da mulki a jahannama. Ita kanta Jahannama ta kasu kashi na sama da na kasa.... Hakanan an raba shi zuwa da'ira (cer chi), shida daga cikinsu suna cikin mafi girman jahannama.

Da'irar farko

Da'irar farko, mai suna Limbo, ta ƙunshi ruhin manyan mutane. Tun da ba a yi musu baftisma ba, ba za su iya zuwa sama ba.

Da'irar ta biyu

Da'irar ta biyu, wadda Minos ke kiyaye shi, wuri ne na tuba ga waɗanda suka kasa sarrafa sha'awa.

Da'irori na uku, na huɗu da na biyar

A cikin da'irar ta uku Dante ya sanya masu zunubi da laifin cin abinci, a cikin na hudu - masu cin hanci da rashawa, kuma a cikin na biyar - ba tare da fushi ba.

Da'irar ta shida

An kwatanta da'irar ta shida a matsayin birni. Wannan ita ce birnin Shaidan, kofar da mugayen aljanu ke tsare da shi, wanda ko Virgil ba shi da iko. A da’ira ta shida, ruhin ‘yan bidi’a suna tuba.

Da'irar ta bakwai ita ce buɗewar ƙananan Jahannama.

Da'irar ta bakwai tana buɗe ƙananan wuta kuma ta kasu kashi uku (gironi). Wannan wuri ne na madawwamiyar wahala ga waɗanda suka kashe kansu kuma suka keta dokokin yanayi. Akwai masu kisan kai, masu kisan kai, masu saɓo da masu cin riba a nan, wanda Minotaur da kansa ya jagoranta.

Da'irar takwas

An raba da'irar takwas zuwa bolgis goma. Wannan wuri ne na hukumci na har abada ga waɗanda ta kowace hanya suka ci amanar wasu mutane: ’yan iska, masu lalata, masu cin zarafi, ‘yan duba, ‘yan damfara, munafukai, ɓarayi, mashawartan ƙarya, ƙwararru, masu tayar da hankali, mayaudara, da dai sauransu.

Da'irar tara

Da'irar ta tara ita ce wurin da ake azabtar da mafi girman masu zunubi, wannan shi ne wuri mafi nisa, tsakiyar wuta. A cikin wannan da'irar ne masu kisan kai, masu cin amanar kasarsu, abokai da dangi suke rayuwa. Waɗannan su ne rayukan mutanen da suka ci amanar wasu duk rayuwarsu don amfanin kansu.

Jahannama mulkin duhu ne da yanke kauna, inda kuka, zagi, ƙiyayya da yaudara. An daidaita tsarin hukunci da nau'in zunubai. Akwai duhu akai-akai, wani lokacin wuta ya katse shi, wanda shine kayan aikin horo. Guguwa, ruwan sama, iska, tafkuna suna bambanta yanayin wannan wuri. Masu sha'awar kerawa na Dante a duk sassan "Comedy Divine" suna samun babban zargi ga Italiya da al'ummar wancan lokacin. Hukuncin Dante a kan mutanen zamaninsa mai tsanani ne amma rashin son kai. Hange na rashin bin doka da oda da ke kai wa ga rugujewar al’umma shi ma ya bayyana a jahannama. Jin kyama ga wannan zamani a dabi'ance yana kai mawaki ga sha'awar abubuwan da suka gabata. Don haka, daga manyan ruhohi da ke cikin dakin jahannama, waɗanda suka sami alherin Allah ta wurin kyawawan halayensu, mun zo ga waliyai waɗanda suka yi abin alheri da yawa ga duniya. Don haka, idan Dante ya yi amfani da darussan mafarki na jahannama, zai iya zama shugaba nagari kuma mai adalci, mai mulki, shugaba, da dai sauransu, yana da tasiri mai kyau ga mutane kuma ya iya sakin mafi kyawun su.

Halayen Barkwanci na Allah

Mahimmin tushe mai mahimmanci a cikin The Divine Comedy shine ƙwararrun ɗan adam da aka sani ga marubucin daga tarihin da da na zamani, kuma Dante kansa mutum ne mai rai wanda ya shiga su don kawo abubuwan tunawa ga rayuwa. Lokacin da ran mawaƙi ya sadu da wasu ruhohi, motsin rai ya kan kasance. A cikin kalmomin mawaƙin, ana jin ra'ayoyin masu cin karo da juna: tausayi, ƙauna, ƙauna ga masters, tausayi, raini. Kasancewar mutum mai rai a cikin ruhohin la'anannu yana sa su manta da wahala na ɗan lokaci kuma a kai su cikin duniyar tunani. Kamar suna komawa ga tsohon sha'awa. Ba dukan fatalwa ba ne aka kwatanta a matsayin masu zunubi azzalumi. Yawancinsu suna riƙe ɗimbin ji. Har ma akwai mugun yanayi. Shi ma mawakin da ke da hannu a cikin wannan duk abin ya taba.

Muna bin wannan dukiya ta wahayi a cikin jahannama zuwa jerin shirye-shirye (Francesca, Farinata, Pierre della Vigna, Ulysses, Count Ugolino da sauransu) tare da irin wannan ikon bayyanawa wanda ba a samu a cikin fage daga Purgatory ko Aljanna. Taswirar haruffa daban-daban waɗanda suka manta game da wahalarsu yayin saduwa da mawaƙi yayi kama da al'amuran da suka faru daga zaman lafiyar hankali. Don haka me yasa Dante bai iya zama masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, likitan kwakwalwa, likitan kwantar da hankali, likita, da sauransu?

A jahannama, mawakin ya kuma gabatar da jiki mai daraja da mutuntawa, a rufe cikin shiru da natsuwa. Tsanani da aminci sun raka mahajjaci ta da'irar farko ta wuta. Akwai Homer, Horace, Ovid, Lucan, Kaisar, Hector, Aeneas, Aristotle, Socrates da Plato. Wannan taron jama’a sun baiwa mawakin darajar kasancewarsa daya daga cikin “masu girma da daukaka a wannan duniya”. Lakabin da masana duniyar wancan lokacin suka ba shi wani nau'i ne na karfafawa da kwadaitar da rayuwa, sanin sirrin duniya, haduwa da mutane da samar da manyan ayyuka ga zuriya.

A cikin Waƙar Jahannama ta Biyar, marubucin ya sanar da mai karatu mataki na biyu na ramin jahannama, inda rayuka ke shan azaba saboda sun aikata zunubi da son rai. Taro na fatalwa marasa iyaka suna ta kwarara zuwa ga mawaƙi, ana jin kururuwa da kukan la'ananne. Guguwa marar tausayi ta jefa marasa tausayi, wanda ke nuna sha'awar da ke azabtar da mutane. Mai magana da yawun Dante, Franz de Rimini, ya fito daga cikin taron ya ba da labari na musamman da ya faru a lokacin fadace-fadacen 'yan uwa. Mawaƙin ya koyi wani labari mai ban mamaki game da mugayen masoya a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa tare da Guidon Novel, wanda mahaifiyarsa Francisca ce. An haifi Francisca a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. Ta yi aure don dalilai na siyasa (don hana yakin iyali) ga mummuna kuma gurgu mai mulkin Rimini, Gianciotta Malatesta. Amma, ta ƙaunaci Paola, ƙanin mijinta, wanda ya riga ya yi aure kuma ya haifi ’ya’ya biyu. Wata rana mijin Francisca ya kama su a cikin yaudara kuma ya kashe su duka a cikin hauka. Wannan hujja ta haifar da abin kunya a Rimini. Gabatar da wannan labari na gaskiya a cikin aikin Dante yana tare da tunani akan hukunce-hukuncen Allah na har abada. Ganawar tsakanin Francesco da Paolo na da siffofi masu ban mamaki. Wannan ne kawai lokacin da wani mawaƙi a cikin jahannama ya suma daidai saboda kwarewar soyayyar Francisco da Paolo. Wannan ƙwarewa na musamman na Dante yana sanya shi a cikin sahu na masu hikima, ƙididdiga, tausayi da kuma mutanen kirki. Don haka babu abin da zai hana shi zama shugaban ruhi na kowane addini, kungiya, majalisa, matsakanci, malami, da sauransu bayan barin lahira.

Abubuwan jahannama suna da motsin rai da za a iya raba su da mutane da yawa. Mawaki ɗaya kaɗai ba zai iya cin gajiyar su ba. Idan, duk da haka, yana da halayen shugaba nagari kuma mai tsarawa, ayyukansa na iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan masu zunubi, masu kisan kai, azzalumai, masu fyade, masu zamba, da dai sauransu.